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Overclocking CPU's
By Alex Joyce, www.UserFriendlyComputerService.com
With computers today we have many different types of users. For most, the computer that you get right out of the box is enough and does everything they'll ever need. Other users, like myself, like to push their system to the maximum limit to get the most out of their machine. A way to give your computer an extra kick of power is to overclock the central prossing unit(or CPU). I will discuss the top points of why or why not to overclock including warnings, what role bus speeds, multipliers and voltages play in overclocking, heat issues and how to cool them off, the factors of whether a system can be overclocked, and finally, how to overclock a CPU.
The main advantage of overclocking a CPU is to obtain additional computer performance without spending extra money. Most people who would overclock their CPU either want to try and make the fastest desktop system possible or to extend their computer power when they're working with a limited budget. When overclocked properly, a user can boost their system performance to 25% or more. As an example, let's take someone who buys an AMD 2500+ CPU. With careful overclocking, this user can end up with a processor that runs at the same speed as an AMD 3000+, but for a lesser cost.
Since overclocking began, many unknowing people have had the problem of buying computers with CPUs in them that have been overclocked. This is done for the purpose of selling lower grade CPUs at a higher price. To stop this from happening, manufacturers started to implement hardware locks to make overclocking more difficult. This is most commonly done through clock locking, where the manufacturers modify traces on the chips to run only a specific multiplier. This can be overcome through a much more difficult process, modification of the processor.
To fully understand overclocking a CPU, you need to know how the speed of the processor is computed. Processor speeds are based on two factors. These are the bus speed and the multiplier. The bus speed is the core clock cycle rate that the processor uses to communicate with items in the system, like the chipset or the memory. It is most commonly rated in the megahertz rating scale. This refers to the number of cycles per second the processor runs at. The problem is that the bus terminology is used often for different aspects of the computer and is likely lower than a user would expect. An example of this would be, an AMD XP 3200+ processor uses a 400 MHz DDR memory, but the processor is actually using a 200 MHz frontside bus that is clock doubled to use 400 MHz DDR memory. For another example, the Pentium 4 C processor has an 800 MHz frontside bus, but it is really a quad pumped 200 MHz bus. The multiple that the processor will run at compared to the bus speed is called the multiplier. This is the actual number of processing cycles the CPU will run at in a single clock cycle of the bus speed. For example, we base a Pentium 4 2.4 GHz B processor on the following: 133 MHz X 18 multiplier = 2394 MHz or 2.4 GHz. To have a greater impact by increasing the memory speed as well as the processor speed, a user would want to increase the bus speed. The user could increase the multiplier but this has a lower impact and is more difficult to adjust. An example of each on an Athlon XP 2500+ overclocking would be:
• At normal speeds: Multiplier = 11x; Bus Speed = 166 MHz; CPU Clock Speed = 1.83GHz
• Increased Bus Speed: Multiplier = 11x; Bus Speed = (166+34) MHz; CPU Clock Speed = 2.20 GHz
• Increased Multiplier: Multiplier = (11+2)x; Bus Speed = 166 MHz; CPU Clock Speed = 2.17 GHz
Note that the Athlon XP 3000+ runs at 2.17 GHz and the Athlon XP 3200+ runs at 2.20 GHz.
Every computer part in every system has a specific regulated voltage for their operation. During the process of overclocking the CPU, it is possible to degrade the electrical signal as it passes through the circuitry. If it degrades enough, it can cause the system to become unstable. When a user overclocks the bus or multiplier speeds, the signals are more likely to get interference. To fight this, a user can increase the voltages to the CPU core, memory, or AGP bus. But there are limits to the additional amount of voltage that can be applied to the processor. Too much voltage will destroy the circuits inside the parts. However, most motherboards do restrict the maximum possible voltage settings.
There are some drawbacks to overclocking a computer's CPU. The main drawback is it voids any warranty that was provided by the manufacturer because it's not running within its rated specification. Overclocked CPUs that are pushed to their limits tend to have a reduced functional lifespan. If improperly done, overclocking can completely destroy the CPU. All over-clocking guides on the net will have a disclaimer warning individuals of the dangers of overclocking before telling you exactly how to do it. Well-built systems can allow the user overclocking it to really push the system to peak performance, but this can end up being more expensive due to heat issues or other problems that can occur.
The more voltage applied to the processor, the higher the terminal output is. In other words, the more it heats up. The biggest problem with overclocking the system is the heat. Your computer already produces a lot of heat, overclocking adds more. As a result, when overclocking, there is a need for high performance cooling systems. The most common ways to cool a system are CPU heatsinks and fans, heat spreaders for memory, fans on video cards and case fans. The key to high performance of air cooling is to have proper air flow and good conducting metals. Large Copper heatsinks tend to perform best and the more case fans a user installs, the more it will improve the cooling. Besides air cooling, there is liquid cooling or phase change cooling. These cooling systems come at a greater expense, but when installed correctly provide higher performance at heat dissipation and generally make less noise.
There are many factors that affect whether a computer can be overclocked or not. The most important is the motherboard and chipset have to have a BIOS that allow the user to modify the settings. Most commercially available computers from major manufacturers do not have this capability. Past the motherboard's ability to adjust the actual settings for the CPU, the other components of the computer must be able to handle the increased speeds. The cooling helps with this as does keeping the memory synchronous to offer the best memoryperformance. For example, to change an Athlon XP 2500+'s frontside bus from 166 MHz to 200 MHz, it requires that the system memory is PC3200 or DDR400.
How to Overclock (User Friendly Computer Services is not responsible if you damage your computer)
It is highly recommended for people who want to overclock their CPU to do searches on the internet for information before the process of overclocking is done. This can be very important for the overclock job to be successful. The first thing you need to do is grab your computer tech tools (screwdrivers, pliers, etc.) and consult your motherboard manual. Here you can find out if your motherboard supports the bus speed and multiplier you plan to use. It should tell you the certain bus speeds and multipliers it supports.
Next you need to make a complete backup of your system in case something goes wrong. If you have a BIOS adjustable motherboard, you should now make the changes according to your motherboard manual and skip the next paragraph.
If not, shut down your system leaving it plugged into the surge suppressor for grounding. Always ground yourself also with proper ESD protection. Disconnect all peripherals from the computer and remove the cover to the tower. If your motherboard has adjustable jumpers, locate the jumpers that control the CPU speed. Now take needle-nose pliers to the jumpers to change the settings. Move the jumper to the clock speed you want. Then put the system back together and reboot (if the computer does not boot, try lowering the clock speed or returning to original settings).
Lastly check all system functions and run a CPU-intensive program.
When overclocking, do not push things too hard right away. Overclocking is a tricky process of trial and error. An overclocker should test the system fully in a taxing application for an extended period of time to make sure the system is stable at that time. This process should be repeated until the system does not test fully stable, at which point the overclocker should step things back a bit. This will provide a little headroom for the stable system, which in turn gives the system a smaller chance of damaging the components.
Overclocking is a method for increasing the performance of standard computer CPUs to their potential speeds beyond the rate recommended by the manufacturer. The performance a user can gain is substantial, but a lot of consideration must be taken into account before overclocking a computer system. It is important to understand the risks involved in this procedure. Those who are willing to take the risks and succeed can end up getting some great performance from their system at a lesser cost.
About the Author
By Alex Joyce of www.UserFriendlyComputerService.com
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